基于致动线模型的风力机尾流场数值研究

针对致动盘模型存在的不足,使用非定常计算,提出了致动线方法,在致动盘模型的基础上改进了体积力的分布方式,利用体积力代替风力机叶片,结合不可压缩N-S方程,采用均匀分布和高斯分布两种不同体积分布方式,在FLUENT中对Nibe A型风机尾流进行模拟计算,研究了尾流区域的速度变化与湍流强度等,并将计算结果与试验数据进行比较。结果表明,体积力的分布方式对致动线方法的计算结果有一定影响,尤其是远尾流区域差异明显,高斯分布下的模拟结果更加接近试验数据,优于均匀分布;致动线方法用于风力机尾流场的计算基本能满足工程需要,但在远尾流场的模拟计算上精度还不够,需结合实际对模型作进一步改进。     

Effects of optical radiation on the Mössbauer spectrum of 151Eu3+: CaF2

We study the changes in the shape of the Mössbauer spectrum for the 21.5?keV transition of ¹⁵¹Eu³⁺ nuclei in a CaF₂ lattice, assuming that a population of the excited electronic state ⁵ D ₀ is maintained by optical pumping. For a population of the excited state ⁵ D ₀ of 10%, we determine the magnitude of the changes in the Mössbauer spectrum as 1.9% of the area of the unperturbed spectrum.     

A three-dimensional surface measurement system implemented with Gaussian process based adaptive sampling

Self-adaptive surface measurements that can reduce data redundancy and improve time efficiency are in high demand in many fields of science and technology. For this purpose, a system implemented with Gaussian process (GP) adaptive sampling is developed. The non-parametric GP model is applied to reconstruct the topography and guide the subsequent sampling position, which is determined from the inference uncertainty estimation. A criterion is proposed to terminate the GP adaptive measurement automatically without any prior model or data of the topography. Experiments on typical surfaces validate the intelligence, adaptability, and high accuracy of the GP method along with the stabilization of the automatic iteration termination. Compared with traditional raster sampling, data redundancy is reduced and the time efficiency is improved without sacrificing the surface reconstruction accuracy. The proposed method can be implemented in other systems with similar measurement principles, thus benefitting surface characterizations.     

工艺参数对动态流量控制法挤压弯管应力的影响

采用有限元模拟和实验研究了挤压钛合金弯曲管件。通过实验验证了工件的形状和尺寸精度,并通过有限元模拟分析了工艺参数对挤出过程中变形体的平均压应力分布情况和挤出弯管件的曲率半径的影响规律。结果表明:有限元模拟中,弯管件的曲率半径误差为6.03%,弯管直径误差为3.82%;在靠近定径带处,平均压应力呈非均匀分布;在焊合腔内,靠近细分流孔区域的平均压应力小于靠近粗分流孔区域的平均压应力,平均压应力的大小顺序在通过粗、细分流孔前后相反;在模具结构固定不变时,弯管件的曲率半径随挤压速度的减小而增大,不随挤压温度的变化而变化。     

Generation-recombination in disordered organic semiconductor: Application to the characterization of traps

The presence of traps in organic semiconductor based electronic devices affects considerably their performances and their stability. The Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) model is generally used to extract the trap parameters from the experimental results. In this paper, we propose to adapt the SRH formalism to disordered organic semiconductors by considering a hopping transport process and Gaussian distributions for both mobile and trapped carriers. The model is used to extract multiple trap parameters from charge based Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (Q-DLTS) spectrum. Calculation of the charge transients are given in detail. The model predicts that the activation energy of the trap should not follow an Arrhenius plot on large temperature ranges. Also, the charge transients are no longer exponential when considering Gaussian trap distributions, enlarging the Q-DLTS peaks. The model fits the Q-DLTS spectra measured on organic diodes with a limited number of trap contributions with a good agreement. It is found that an increase of the material rate of disorder reduces the extracted trap energy distances to the LUMO but has no influence on the extracted trap distribution widths. This work shows the importance of considering the specific properties of organic materials to study their properties and their trap distributions.     

Impact of heliostat curvature on optical performance of Linear Fresnel solar concentrators

The present paper gives a numerical investigation of the effect of mirror curvature on optical performance of a Linear Fresnel Reflector solar field installed recently in Morocco. The objective is to highlight and discuss the effect of mirror curvature on the flux density distribution over the receiver and the system optical efficiency. For this purpose, a Monte Carlo-ray tracing simulation tool is developed and used to optimize the optical design taking into account the curvature degree of the heliostat field. In order to assess the accuracy of the numerical code developed and the validity of simulation results, a set of verification tests were developed and detailed within this article. Then, the optical performance of the system is evaluated as a function of mirror curvature and receiver height. The major challenge of this study is to find a trade-off between heliostat curvature and receiver height since lower and smaller receivers may reduce the system cost. It has been found that the flux distribution over the receiver and the optical efficiency of the system are relatively sensitive to the mirror curvature. We have demonstrated quantitatively how the use of curved mirrors can enhance the optical performance and reduce the required receiver size.     

Improved curvature-based registration methods for high-precision dimensional metrology

Multiple measurements using various data acquisition systems are generally required to substancially enhance measurement accuracy, reliability and holisticity of freeform shapes. The obtained multiple measurement data of the shape are transformed and fused into a common coordinate system within a registration technique involving coarse and fine alignments. Standardized methods have been established for fine registration such as Iterative Closest Points (ICP) and its variants. For coarse registration, no conventional method has been adopted yet despite a significant number of techniques which have been developed in the literature to supply an automatic rough matching between data sets.The work presented in this paper proposes an improvement of registration techniques by the consideration of new discrete curvature parameters. Two main issues are addressed in this paper: the coarse registration and the fine registration. For coarse registration, two novel automated methods based on the exploitation of discrete curvatures are presented: an enhanced Hough Transformation (HT) and an improved Ransac Transformation. The use of curvature features in both methods aims to reduce computational cost. For fine registration, a new variant of ICP method is proposed in order to reduce registration error using curvature parameters. A specific distance considering the curvature similarity is combined with Euclidean distance to define the distance criterion used for correspondences searching. Additionally, the objective function is improved by combining the point-to-point (P-P) minimization and the point-to-plane (P-Pl) minimization with automatic weights. The algorithms are applied on simulated and real data performed by a computed tomography (CT) system. The obtained results reveal the benefit of the proposed improved curvature-based registration methods.     

Molecular p doping of 4,4′-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl and n doping of 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene

This report details p-type doping of 4,4′-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) and n-type doping of 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi) with decamethylcobaltocene (DMC). Both CBP and TPBi are widely used as charge transport layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We confirm efficient p-type F4-TCNQ doping of CBP by observing, as a function of increasing dopant concentration, a shift of the Fermi level (E_F) toward the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) scans, a larger amount of fluorine in the film, a transition of the core C 1s electron levels to lower binding energies in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, and an increase of the current in vertical metal/organic semiconductor/metal devices, which in the context of the Gaussian Disorder Model, can be attributed to an injection barrier lowering and a charge carrier concentration enhancement. In the case of doping of TPBi with DMC, as the dopant concentration increases, a shift of E_F away from the HOMO in UPS and a transition of the core C 1s electron levels to higher binding energies in XPS are observed, both of which are indicative of n-type doping. The presence of inherent degradation of TPBi films during UPS measurements is also established. These findings may pave the way for development of higher performance OLEDs based on doped transport layers.     

A new particle swarm optimization algorithm with adaptive inertia weight based on Bayesian techniques

Particle swarm optimization is a stochastic population-based algorithm based on social interaction of bird flocking or fish schooling. In this paper, a new adaptive inertia weight adjusting approach is proposed based on Bayesian techniques in PSO, which is used to set up a sound tradeoff between the exploration and exploitation characteristics. It applies the Bayesian techniques to enhance the PSO's searching ability in the exploitation of past particle positions and uses the cauchy mutation for exploring the better solution. A suite of benchmark functions are employed to test the performance of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the new method exhibits higher accuracy and faster convergence rate than other inertia weight adjusting methods in multimodal and unimodal functions. Furthermore, to show the generalization ability of BPSO method, it is compared with other types of improved PSO algorithms, which also performs well.     

Employing statistical model emulation as a surrogate for CFD

This work focuses on substituting a computationally expensive simulator by a cheap emulator to enable studying applications where running the simulator is prohibitively expensive. The procedure consists of two steps. In a first step, the emulator is calibrated to closely mimic the simulator response for a number of pre-defined cases. In a second step the calibrated emulator is used as surrogate for the simulator in the otherwise prohibitively expensive application. An appealing feature of the proposed framework contrary to other approaches is that the uncertainty on the emulator prediction can be determined. While the proposed framework is applicable in virtually all areas of natural sciences, we discuss the approach and evaluate its performance based on a typical example in the realm of computational wind engineering, namely the determination of the wind field in an urban area.